How effectively do free elections, competition between political Essay

How effectively do free elections, competition among governmental parties and the activities of pressure groups, ensure that the - Essay ExampleCompetition between rival political parties provides the ground for issue-based politics and thereby offering the mountain an opportunity to make informed choices between the different alternatives by electing leaders who best fit the line of credit description and espouse the interests of the majority. Nevertheless, pressure groups also play a very profound role in global politics today because they gravel elective leaders to task, to deliver their election pledges to the people, as well as acting as the peoples watchdog, protecting and advocating for the interests of the electorates. In that case, free elections, competition between political parties and pressure groups take up significant impacts on democracy, and in particular, with the pervasive increase in both the size and number of pressure groups in the world, debates have eme rged regarding implications of these factors on democracy. For instance, questions have been raised concerning whether pressure groups labor democracy or whether they undermine it by impeding election of the right leadership this paper volition evaluate the effectiveness of free elections, competition between political parties, and the activities of pressure groups, in ensuring representation of the voters. Free elections ar effective in ensuring the people are represented because they capture the true will and aspirations of a majority of people, which is the true essence of democracy in a free world, without undermining their voice through slice means such as election rigging. Precursors to free elections include an impartial administration, that ensures enrolment is open to both eligible voters and casting of the vote is reasonably reachable to all, as well as, freedom from coercion, which ensures that the electorates are not compelled to make choices (Fletcher 2007, p.2). Additionally, a free electioneering process thrives on freedom of expression and association that allows all citizens to participate in the electoral debates, and truthful election data systems that ensures that votes are counted fairly and accurately without falsifications whatsoever. In this regard, a free election is one that sincerely reflects the will of the people, and in which votes count equally, candidates campaign freely in a level playing field without restrictive infringements allegations of dirty tricks coupled with unfair propaganda are some of the factors that undermine a free election. Leaderships who ascent to political offices through dirty tricks and unfair propaganda will hardly represent the electorates because they are a lot of selfish self-serving individuals who owe no allegiance to the people thus they are accountable to no one in particular. Conversely, leaders who are put into office through fair elections are an embodiment of both the will and aspirati ons of the people thus will represent electorates effectively, because they are accountable to them. Free elections promote representation because they are the only source of political elites that can articulate the interests of the people through governance and democracy, unlike in dictatorships, where leadership is imposed upon the people regardless of whether it has the support of the majority of the people or whether it serves their interests. Competition between

Infringement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infringement - Essay ExampleSection 10 of the Trade Mark Act 1994 states. A person infringes a registered trade mark if he uses in the course of trade a sign where because (a) the sign is identical with the trade mark and is use in relation to goods or services similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, or, in specifically addressing the question at hand concerning Adam, (b) the sign is similar to the stylemark and is used in relation to goods or services identical with or similar to those for which the trade mark is registered, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, which includes the likelihood of association with the trade mark. In English statute or case justness, there is no definition for what is use as a mark. Use as a mark will depend on the facts of each case, in particular, the nature of the mark and the goods and services concerned. English case law indicates that the judges are looking for use which is taken by the public as a b adge of origin, in other words as an indicator that the goods and services are from a particular trader. This requirement is not the same as a requirement that the relevant public should know the identity of possessors of trade marks, but nevertheless associate the marks of products with a particular trade origin. It will be more difficult for an applicant or proprietor to show use as a trade mark with very non-distinctive marks or where the use has been mainly in conjunction with some other trade mark.

Ask week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ask week 3 - Essay ExampleWhat are some of the ways through which one can set and define the seek straits?It is apparent that when carrying out a research on the establishment of an efficient Shared Financial Services solution for your organic law may have some biases in the project. As a research, what are some of the ways through which such biases can be avoided?Being an employee in your organisation and being aware of your shared fiscal services can not be enough to have all the information regarding shared financial services. What are some of the ways through which additional information about shared financial services can be obtained?The process of identifying the appropriate research question is one that requires some skills. What are some of the traits that a researcher has to have in order to successfully identify the appropriate research question?As an insider carrying out an action research in your organisation, and above all being in senior management, it is apparent t hat your participants- who in this case are your minor(postnominal) officers would find it difficult to participate in the research. What are some of the things are you supposed to consider as a researcher, in order to ensure thither is no bias or intimidation of your juniors during the study?As a researcher and being a woman, it is possible that your research may be instigated by social issues that have dominated Kenyans for a long time. In a way, men, and especially in higher offices may see this as an incitement to women. How do you ensure that your study is scientific and free from bias?Before kicking off your research, you might have some hypothetical focus of your research. However, your data should be used to comprehensively elucidate your meditation. It is also evident that not all hypotheses are valid (Greenwood and Levin 2007). In this regard, in what ways can you ensure that your hypothesis

Business information and their sources Essay Example for Free

Business culture and their sources EssayThis report aims to show the different forms of reading used in HM. It will tell us if we gather up to improve on any of our methods of communication, or if we need to enhance any methods we use. inside teaching is when it heap be found from inside the avocation, such as previous sales records. External development is when the information needs to be found from immaterial the company, for example in books or customer feedback forms. Primary information is when you have received the information fist hand, either through a report or through surveys. We need internal information for evidence so nonhing is mis interpreted within the business. Internal information crumb be previous records, we need these to write reports and to make sure the business isnt at a loss. HM need external information to monitor new trends so we can stay ahead of fashion. We do this by getting our internal and external customers to complete questionnaires.It is beta that we do this so our customers always stay interested in the c fatehes that we have on offer so we do not lose any business. Combining internal and external information is rattling legal because your ideas can be expanded by using existing ideas but with our own unique twist. So we can take an existing idea on a clothing range, but then add something to it based on the feedback and ideas we get from our customers. Internal information can be more important for HM than external information because it includes private details and information of the company that cannot be found anywhere else.This would be infallible if we were to start a sale because wed have to know what products are not selling well to put them in the sale. However, external information can be jutn as more important that internal information because it includes new information from customer feedback. This is much needed because it would help our business form fresh ideas and to help us move forward. I nternal information cannot help us do this.HM need primary information to help the business run smoother and gain newideas. We can do this by getting surveys from the public to get more ideas on things we can sell or do in store. Primary information is very useful because it can be used for a lot of different things, for example customer service or new clothing ranges. Also it is unremarkably very reliable because you have created it. Secondary information can as well as be used to gain new ideas.We can use secondary information to do this because the information has already been created so we could just expand on the information to make it unique and our own. A combination of primary and secondary information is important because it means that we can monitor our own records and also monitor our competitors records so that we can always try to stay on top. Primary can be more important than secondary information because we are actually creating the informatio9n so it is 100% relia ble whereas secondary information is not always be reliable because it was created by an unknown source.Verbal information is when it can be spoken, for example a phone call. In our company, we give communicatory information to our staff and customers. We verbally give information to our staff because it is quick and easy. Written information is write down to take place information, for example a garner or email. We use written information to communicate because it can be used as confirmation and it is harder to be forgotten if you have it written down. We also give written confirmation to our customers all the time, for example receipts. We do this so there is proof of purchase and there is no mis understanding between the business and the customers. Multimedia can be shown through moving adverts or audio. It is a very effective way to present information because it engages the reader a lot more than a bit of writing on a piece of paper.We use multimedia in different ways, for example, on our website there are videos of our products be modelled and shown on the catwalk. We use multimedia in this way so our customers will stay engaged and will be more interested in our products if they see them on top models. Using a combination of verbal and written information is more effective than just using either one of them. Having a staff concussion is quick, easy and usually there isnt any miscommunication. To guarantee that there has been no mis communication, you can send an email after the meeting has taken place just too highlight was said in the meeting.Verbal information issometimes better than written information because if we needed to pass information on to our team, having a meeting where we could easily speak to them all at once is more appropriate than using written information by sending an e-mail or letter where there could be mis-communication. Written information can be better than verbal information when for example we needed to confirm a purcha se with a customer. We would need to give them a type of written confirmation because if the sale was done verbally, information could easily be forgotten or mis-communication could occur.To conclude I am going to summarise this report. The way we use internal and external information is very successful because HM uses original ideas combined with ideas from customer feedback to improve the way the company functions. How primary and secondary information is used in the company is also successful. This is due to us using our own reliable information (primary) and comparing it to our competitors information (secondary) to monitor whether we are currently popular or not. Verbal and written information is the most effective way of transferring information within HM. This is because there is a very small chance of mis-communication if verbal and written information is tending(p) properly. To fully conclude, HM are transferring information successfully in all different ways.

The Role of Men in the Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of Men in the Society EssayIntroduction Men were particularly known as the supreme gender in the piece gild. As the population belonging to the supreme gender, workforce atomic number 18 expected to sacrifice special responsibilities as tumefy as advantages with regards the activities that they are fitting to do. Men were expected to have responsibilities of providing for those that belong to them. This includes their families and other people that are living around them. On the other hand, they improvework forcet form the dresser that is given to them. The power to control others, especially wo custody has naturally given them pride when it comes to the thought of being able to rule over several(prenominal) sectors of the human society. Through the pages of the human history, men of unlike races and different ages have primarily been able to change the vogues by which humans perceive their nominate in living. Indeed, men have naturally drawn the different d emarcation lines of limitations and possibilities that identify each human individuals capability of living. Most likely, the muscular sense of being of the appearance of man has naturally affected the characteristic and the attitude that he perceives upon others. Within the paragraphs that follow, the different roles of men within the American society shall be outlined in clarity to be able to assist in the understanding of what actually is the important part that men plays in the onward motion of the human civilization towards progress.Men as Key Agents of Family Strength The family is one of the basic units of social relationship within the human generations. It could be observed that men are positive as head of the family. As head of the family, a man has the responsibility of providing the guidance that the members of the family need to be able to get by with the challenges of life. Aside from this, men also stand as the basic source of spiritual and intellectual aspects of life when it comes to taking care of the younger generations of the family. Not to mention, men are also viewed as the major providers of the needs of the family in terms of finances, shelter, food and clothing. From this particular point of view, it could be observed that men are and so given high regards by the human society especially in terms of the role that they play in the family. At some point, they work as complimentary personnel to the fulfillment of the dream of their wives and their children. They are the primary source of strength for their family members and from them comes the most valuable advices of life that would naturally help the members of the family get along with the ups and downs of living in a more eased and controlled procedure. Certainly, men are given the chance to handle the most complicated responsibilities within the family arrangements. The challenges are unfeignedly not that easy to face. However, with the sacrosanct conviction and end of men t o succeed in this particular responsibility shall give them the reputation that they need to be able to earn for themselves the respect that they are due. Their identification of themselves and as the major source of guidance for others shall help them understand the truth that they are made and are appointed to perform certain complicated yet important roles in the human society.Men as Agents of Social Progress The mental ability of men in becoming strongly convicted in whatever they believe in particularly sets the line by which they are able to continuously proceed in attaining what they call for to attain. This is primarily the reason why there are larger number of men who were able to produce worthwhile inventions that are now of good part in the society.The different technological innovations that were pursued through the history of the human civilization have been particularly assisted by men who were brave becoming to risk their time and efforts, as well as their finances in creating something new and innovative for the sake of social progress. Men have also assisted women in realizing their potentials in creating change in the human society. The motivation that they imply upon those who are living around them is indeed infectious and results to more productive aspects of human living. Truly, men have been a source of inspiration and the main idea of social progress within the human community. This has resulted to a more positive receipt to the male gender of the population. However, fancying the roles that the men play in the society is not that easy to take and face especially when there are different challenges to the said roles. Particularly, the challenges make it harder for them to attain the best possible results from the acts that and decisions that they make everyday.Liberalization of Women and the Role of Men as Social Equalizers Sadly, not all men are able to meet the challenges of their roles. Instead, when they fail, they are implying much chaos within the human relationship and the ways by which women and children view life as a whole. The shock that they make in the lives of the said sector of the human population indeed makes a great difference on how they particularly deal with the challenges that they themselves deal with everyday. As a result, there came the different movements that were established by women to help men remember their roles in the society. The liberalization of women has actually created difference in the role that men particularly play within the progress of the human civilization. As for now, women are already able to take the place of men in terms of authority over people within certain human organizations, and they are also capable of taking care of their family members alone as individual parents especially when men fail to do their responsibilities to the family. Hence, the changes in the role of men certainly are heightened in terms of power and the stiffness of the decisions that t hey make in creating possibilities to motivate others as they are expected. Most likely, the pressure on men who are aiming to reach the best possible ways of attaining and completing their roles in the society is heightened as well. final result Men are indeed an epitome of humans who are able to stick to whatever they decide upon. They are known to have a strong conviction when they totally believe on a certain idea. These characteristics of men have led them to becoming the primary foundations of human developments through the history of humankind. Their determination to make a change certainly helped them in assisting the entire human community in aiming for further progress in living. However, because of the pressures given upon them, their capabilities of meeting their roles have been challenged particularly because of their own shortcomings. As a result the liberalization of women has naturally challenged the ways by which men try to achieve the roles that they are supposed t o meet for the sake of social equality. This particularly means that the gender differences have been set in a more distanced situation, whereas the men are being strongly questioned with the way they complete their responsibilities to the human community.ReferencesEnhancing Mens Roles and Responsibilities in Family Life. Empowering Women. (2001). http//www.unfpa.org/intercenter/role4men/. (May 29, 2007).The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality. Written Statement Prepared for the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women at its 48th Session Item 3a of the Provisional Agenda. (2004). http//statements.bahai.org/04-0312.htm/. (May 29, 2007).Impact Lab. The Confusing Role of Men. (2001). http//www.impactlab.com/modules.php?name=Newsfile=articlesid=5760. (May 29, 2007).The Role of Men and Boys in Achieving Gender Equality. R. W. Connell. http//www.ashanet.org/focusgroups/sanctuary/articles/Connell-bp.pdf. (May 29, 2007).

Comparing Poetry Essay Example for Free

Comparing Poetry EssayPoetry is when an emotion has found its intellection and the thought has found words. Good morning Ms Linton and students, today I will be informing you on why you must choose these two poesys for the verse line speaking postulate. The poems I have chosen are The Man from Ironbark, by Banjo Patterson as well as He Started the Cycling Craze by myself. Narratives dish up the readers enjoy and understand meter as it is a way the poets peck connect to their readers by using storylines that may relate to them or something that they enjoy. Storylines of narratives play a major role and without these the readers would not be able to understand what is happening in the story. The story line of The Man from Ironbark is about a man who wants his beard to be shaved, so this man heads off to the barber. The barber pulls out a razor and starts to shave his throat. The man from Ironbark fears the barber is a murderer who wants to cut his throat. The storyline of H e Started the Cycling Craze is about a man who decides to buy a new bike so he goes off to the bike shop.He buys a bike then rides it home and on the way home he rode up the hill then started to roll back. Once he had furled down the hill he ended up in the creek. Both of these storylines are different in their own way, but one resemblingity is that a man leaves his home, goes somewhere and in both poems they make a mistake. In all poems there is a difference, but some may be similar in one way or another. The difference between these two poems is that they both contain various poetry techniques and they are both based on individual topics. Each poet uses several techniques and have a different style of writing.In this case these poems are similar as one was re-written from a poem written by the author of the other poem. Every poem can have differences and similarities to other poems. In poetry the poets pass the characters and settings so that the reader can view the image in th eir head, here is a quote from The Man from Ironbark The barber man was small and flash, as barbers mostly are, He wore a strike-your-fancy sash, he smoked a huge cigar This describes how the barber looks and what he is holding. In this part of the poem he is stereotyping barbers to that that they are both small and flash.This helps the reader imagine what the main(prenominal) character is seeing. And from He Started the Cycling Craze He started to roll down the hill slew a tree, and almost being stung by a big fat bee, nearly at the lake he had to swerve a car. This describes what the man on the bike is enduring and what he is seeing. By describing border and what people look like, it allows the reader to create an image in their head of what is happening in the poem. In poetry the poets use poetic devices to make the poems more than interesting, this helps the reader keep interest in what they are reading.In The Man from Ironbark the poetic devices used include verse, rhythm, repetition, imagery, alliteration, and metaphors. The rhyming patter is a,a,b,b,c,c and the rhythm is shown by the frost and the flow or the poem. An example of alliteration is upon the newly shaven skin it made a livid mark. As well as brow grew minatory. Imagery is shown in many parts of the poem but particularly when he is describing the barber. The barber man was small and flash, as barbers mostly are, he wore a strike-your-fancy sash, he smoked a huge cigar. The metaphor was shown when he referred to the man as a dog. The devices used in He Started the Cycling Craze includes rhyme which is used in a pattern of a,b,b,a as well as rhythm which is seen by the rhyme and flow of the poem. Alliteration was also used in the line and almost being stung by a big fat bee. Imagery was also used when describing what was on the road when he was swerving so that he didnt fall off of his bike. Overall there are many different poetic devices used in poetry and this is shown through and thr ough these poems.In summary poets use different techniques and devices in their poems so that the poem becomes for intriguing so the reader continues to read on. Devices are used in poetry so that the readers have something to laugh or cry about and are intrigued to read other poems by the poet.Storylines of poems are important as they help describe what is happening in the poem and the reader is able to understand what the characters are doing. To wrap up these two poems should be chosen for the poetry speaking contest as they use various devices and techniques which allows the reader to continue interest in the poem as it goes on.

Aluminium Wings Verses Composite And Future Wing Materials Engineering Essay

aluminum Wings Verses complex And Future Wing Materials Engineering EssayThe comparison of the properties of the strongs implementd in aluminium and tangled filename extensions and the advantages and prejudices of which they both possess and make them adequate for map at bottom the constitute of flys. A discussion of future day genuines which control been developed and atomic number 18 suitable for the use up in travel impart as well take place. Collected tuition came from appropriate websites and books.Aluminium is the widest apply framework for the manufacture of pass aroundcraft wings to accompaniment since the first time it was use in the 1920s. Now the use of composites is becoming greater utilized in the manufacturing of aircraft wings at present instead of traditional aluminium wings. This is mainly to do with the metric weight unit saving properties that composites go off posse. Weight saving properties is just single of the advantages of composite materials, an early(a) can be stiffness, exclusively thither be overly disadvantages to using composites compared to aluminium, such as if they get damaged they need replacing immediately unlike aluminium which is very giving to damage. Aluminium production and speed is also much easier than that of composites. Aluminium and composites both have their own advantages and disadvantages and their properties have to be taken into account before whatever material changes are do. Future developments pull up stakes hopefully provide a material that which pass on provide sufficient advantages and minimal disadvantages compared over composites or aluminium.This study give look at the Boeing 737, which features aluminium wings, and the Boeing 787 dreamliner, which incorporates composite wings, and refer to them for the comparison of the incompatible properties and structures of the two wing fictional characters. It will look at separately type of material found in a traditional aluminium aircraft wing structure at present and will go into depth nigh the use of composites in wings instead of aluminium at present and in the future. The types of composites used, as well as investigating whether the structure of the wing had to be neutered to compensate for the different properties of the composites will be discussed. The strength and weight properties of each different type of aluminium and composites used in an aircraft wing will also be examined. Types of corrosion which slip by on an aluminium wing, including the inspection and repair of it will also be included, as well as the inspection and repair of composite materials and the types of damage which can occur in composites, such as delamination. The price of production and repair of composites compared to aluminium and aluminium everyoys, as well as the weight saved offspringing in lower running cost for the company will be examined. The collected information will wherefore be compared and advan tages and disadvantages of each type of wing will be produced. It will also look at future aircraft wing materials, such as the use of incorporating aluminium with composites, and if they will change the way aircraft looks at present. The different properties of the new materials will also be examined and compare to the properties of both aluminium and composite wings. An overall conclusion of all the main findings and collected information will also be given. Recommendations will also be given at this point.MethodologyAfter deciding what the take of the report was going to be about, the research undertaken would need to be relevant. The first part of the study was to find information about Aluminium wings and the materials and structures which made them. This part incorporated finding and recording relevant information from certain websites off the internet. Another source used was finding appropriate books which gave suitable information about the subjugate in hand. Finding info rmation on composite materials and structures was carried out by the selfsame(prenominal) method. Locating appropriate information about future aircraft wing materials was carried out only with the use of the internet.FindingsAluminium wingsTypesAluminium (Al) has been used in aircraft since the 1920s delinquent to it being lightweight while also being relatively strong. It is used over steel as aluminium is three times the density less thence that off steel, this means that for the same density the aluminium would be three times thicker, progenying in it being much stronger. Aluminium is also has good corrosion resistance, which is an advantage as an aircraft is subject to all weather conditions. Nowadays aluminium is joined with other sections to change the properties of the admixture, improving specific areas of it, creating an aluminium alloy. At the present time, Aluminium alloys make up a vast total of a commercial aircrafts unloaded weight.AlloysAdding different elements to aluminium punter different properties, for example adding zinc to aluminium will improve the strength of the material. The added zinc allows the aluminium to be heat treated, where the metal is heated and cooled which in resign changes the structure of the metal a spacious with its properties. More than one element can be added at the same time resulting in different properties being produced from having the same main alloying element. Even tho some of the properties of the aluminium will improve, the alloying elements need to be correctly chosen as other properties within the metal will be sacrificed. Certain aluminium alloys are used in the manufacturing of aircraft wings, the types of aluminium alloys, along with where it is used, the elements which are used to create the alloy and the improved properties are listed in the table below.Al AlloyArea UsedElements (%)Properties7178Spars, Beams, stop number wing scrambleZinc, magnesium, copperHigh compressive strength to weight ratio7055Lower wing skinZinc, magnesium, copperImproved stress corrosion and tire out resistance7075Wing ribszincImproved stress corrosion cracking resistance, high mechanical properties2024Slats, flapscopperGood fatigue performance, fracture subtleness, soggy propagation rateThe Boeing 777 also uses the aluminium alloy 7055 due to it having a greater compressive strength than other alloys that had been tried before. delinquent to this, it was able to be used in the manufacture of buy the farm of the wing, in the stringers and the upper wing skin.CorrosionEven though Aluminium has good corrosion resistance, it is still susceptible to corrosion. Aluminium is somewhat protected from corrosion as an aluminium oxide film forms on the surface. This is due to the aluminium being protected from additional oxidation by the real aluminium oxide film. Minimal corrosion, such as light surface or small confront corrosion, does not normally cause a problem to the metal. Heavier corrosio n occurring in metals used on aircraft is not wanted as it can lead to a weakening in the structural rigidity of the metal. If this is not determine it can lead to a structural failure within part of the aircraft. Corrosion can occur in many different forms, which include disorderliness, intergranular, and galvanising corrosion.PittingThis is one of the main types of corrosion which occurs on an aircrafts wing. This type of corrosion is a localised type and starts on the surface of a metal, whether it is on the skin panels of the aircraft or within the aircraft itself. It works its way through the surface protection of the metal, and then fathoms its way further into the metal creating a hole within the metal itself. Due to metals have different mechanical and chemical properties, when pitting corrosion occurs, the pits created will be different from one metal to another, as shown in on the right. This hole decreases the strength of the metal due to the grain damage caused by t he pitting corrosion.pitting_shape.gifDetectionOne way of detecting certain corrosion is by using x-rays or gamma rays to take a picture of the piece of metal suspected of having corrosion. Once the picture is developed, it is clear to see where the corrosion, such as pitting, is taking place in the metal, as it produced a darker spot on the film. This is due to less of the radiation being absorbed where the corrosion is taking place. If pitting corrosion is taking place, the image can be used also to establish the depth of the pit within the metal.Another way of determining whether pitting corrosion has occurred on a piece of metal is by the use of Eddy currents. This type of non-destructive testing uses magnetic fields, where the metal object being well-tried is placed. The magnetic field is produced by putting an alternating current through a coil. An alternation in the back EMF (Electromotive force) occurs when the eddy current gets disturbed by a pit in the metal. This alterna tion is amplified so it can be seen as an image or heard as a sound by the operator. barThere are lots of ways to try and prevent corrosion from occurring. One method is to uses surface treatments which protect the surface of the metal, therefore reducing the play of corrosion and painting the metal surface can also prevent corrosion as no air or moisture can tough the metal. The use of cathodic protection can also prevent corrosion.CompositesThe use of composites within aircrafts is a relatively new concept. They were first introduced in the 1980s in secondary aircraft components, such as wing leading and tracking edges, and then as more composites were produced they made their way into larger structures in the 1990s. The Boeing 787 dreamliner tries to make the fullest use out of composite materials that is possible. Around 50% of the full aircraft, including several parts of the wings are manufactured using composites. The rest is manufactured using other materials, such as alum inium, which incorporate properties which at the present cannot be bettered by composites. At the moment composites are used mainly on non structural parts of the wings, and are used on parts such as the wings skins and the flaps.The great attraction for airline industries to use composites within the manufacture of their aircraft is because composites can be strong, and at the same time be lightweight. This means that heavier metals can be replaced with lighter weight composites which have the same strength. This causes the overall weight of the aircraft to decrease, resulting in a more fire efficient aircraft as less fuel is needed to be burned to move the aircraft. This is an advantage to an airline company as it would result in lower running costs for that aircraft. Costs in manufacturing were also managed to be reduced as during assembly, a smaller quantity of fasteners were needed and there were also a smaller amount of parts required to construct the component.Composites do h ave disadvantages compared to metals for use within aircraft. One of these is that damage to composites can be difficult to see. Another is due to the fact that composites do not conduct electricity which may cause a problem if the aircraft is struck by lightning. These have also been concerns regarding the safety of the use of composites if there was a crash.Make upComposites are made up by joining together two or more materials which creates a material with improved properties compared to that of both original materials. Composites are made up of a matrix, which is a resin which joins together with a reinforcing material, which is a fibre. There are different types of reinforcing fibre and matrix which individually have different properties and need to be carefully chosen to make sure that they will be suitable for their purpose within the aircraft if chosen. The most commonly used reinforcing fibre used in aircraft is Kevlar. This is due to it having the greatest impact resistanc e and fictile strength compared to all other reinforcing materials while still being reasonably light.TypesCarbon fibre reinforced plastic is the composite used within the manufacture of the Boeing 787 aircraft wing. This composite is used as it has lightweight qualities while also being very strong, and can have the uniform strength to steel. It is manufactured using ampere-second fibre as the reinforcing fibre and the matrix is usually epoxy.DamageOne of the main disadvantages with the use of composites is the difficulty to tell if damage has occurred within it, this can be known as barely visible damage. This is due to the way in which the composite structure is manufactured and that the majority of the damage will occur roll in the hay the surface. The surface of the composite may only seem to have a small bit of damage, such as a bit of scratched paintwork, while rump it the inside of the structure has been badly damaged.Delamination can happen due to moisture being able t o go through the surface of the composite. If this moisture freezes, which can occur at high altitudes, it will start to force the layers of the composites apart. This could continue to occur if undetected causing serious damage to the composite structure. Fibre damage, where the fibres within the reinforcing material break, and matrix damage, where the matrix splits, may also occur if there is damage to the composite.InspectionThere are several ways of testing for damage to composites. The simplest one of these is tap testing. This is where the surface of the composite is tapped using either a light hammer or a coin. An area of which is undamaged will make a ringing sound where as a duller note will be heard if the area is damaged. A more accurate version of this method can be had with the use of an electronic tap tester.Other methods of detecting damage are with the use of ultrasonic or x-ray machines. All these forms of testing are known as non destructive testing. This is due to no damage is needed to be made to the component getting tested by any of these methods. overcompensateUnlike Aluminium which can withstand damage and still be useable, composites when damaged have to be either repaired or replaced immediately. Repairing a composite panel is considerably more difficult than repairing an aluminium panel. This means that the repair will take a longer time in comparison, and will mean that the aircraft will be out of service longer. The cost of the materials to replace the damaged part is also more expensive, and may not be available at the drome where the damage is detected. Special training for working with composites may also be needed, resulting in even greater costs for the airline operator.Lightning StrikesThe use of metal wing skins meant that if there was a lightning strike on the aircraft, it would be dispersed over the social unit body of the aircraft and would dissipate at the end of the wings, through static dischargers, due to its conduc tive nature.The problem with the use of some composites as a wing skin is that they are considerable less conductive compared to a metal wing skin. Therefore, this could lead to damage occurring to the composite panel as the intensity of the lightning strike would be concentrated on the spot it hit as there would be no way for the energy to disperse due to the non conductive nature of the composite. The main danger of this is that the energy of the lightning bolt may be able to penetrate through the surface of the skin enough to produce a spark inside the wings where the fuel tanks are. This spark could cause the fuel vapour within the tanks to ignite, causing an explosion within the wing.Boeing have created several ways to prevent this scenario from occurring within their 787 dreamliner. The main method is having a thin metal mesh on the outside of the composite. This causes the composite skin panel to act in the same way as the metal one, and disperse the energy of the lightning s trike over the whole surface of the aircraft. They also make sure that each fastener holding the composite skin panel to the wing structure is tightly fitting, preventing sparking from occurring between the spaces. progress sealant will also be used to make sure there are no gaps present, and can be of either a grump fibre or goop. The use of a nitrogen generating system will be used to add nitrogen into the fuel tank, which will mix with the fuel vapours creating a safer non-flammable mixture should a spark occur.Future MaterialsNew materials are continually being created by the aviation industry to try and light up their aircrafts, and thus reservation them more appealing to airline operators. There has been increased competition to try and make composite materials which can be used throughout an aircraft. Other manufacturers are looking for slightly different ways to improve on materials that are available at present, with the use of shape memory alloys.Composite SparAl/Compo siteThe continued development of composites has lead to the creation of a material which incorporates both aluminium and composite. This material would be ideal for the use in aircraft wings due to several properties in which it possesses. The main one being that it is virtually fully resistant to metal fatigue. Metal fatigue comes about due to the cyclic loading of material. This will lead to a failure of the metal after a crack starts within the component then increases in size. This is relevant in aircraft wings as they experience cyclic loading as the lift generated by them changes during flight, such as take off and during patches of turbulence.Compared to the manufacturing costs of composites, the manufacturing costs of this material are significantly lower. As well as this, repairs to damaged sections are more straightforward compared to composites, which reduce the cost.The strength properties in which this material holds are greater than the composites which are used in air craft wings at the present time. The most noticeable being the Boeing 787 which incorporates carbon fibre reinforced plastic. Due to this increased strength, the thickness of the material needed can be reduced and this can lead to a weight saving of around twenty percent, which is equivalent of between 600 to 800kg. This simplification in weight will cause a reduction in fuel use, along with the reduction in maintenance cost will reduced the overall running costs imposed on the airline operator.Morphing wingShape memory alloys have existed for a reasonable long time, but it is only recently in which it has found a purpose within the airline industry. The use of shape memory alloys within the manufacture of aircraft wings is being looked at to improve the efficiency of the wing. This would happen as the flight crew would be able to change the shape of parts of the wing during different flight operations. There has been research into the development of a fully morphing wing and also that of a morphing winglet. Both of these ideas would lead to several advantages, but there are also disadvantages of the use of shape memory alloys.The main advantage of this material is that it can remember its shape after being deformed. When the material has been deformed, if the material is then heated to a certain temperature it will return to original shape. These materials also incorporate the property of Pseudo elasticity, which is super elasticity. This is when if the alloy is subjected to load it will deprave and change form. The load imposed on the material will then be absorbed, and it will return to its original form and shape. Shape memory alloys, such as Nickel Titanium, can be polished to give very smooth finishes resulting in a reduction in drag as the air flows over it.There are disadvantages which hold up the development of shape memory alloys, which include the difficulty and the cost of manufacture. The main problem with the use of this material in aircraft wi ngs is that it does not have very good fatigue properties, which one needs.A shape memory alloy is manufactured to the shape in which it will take when heat is applied to it. As the reactivity of titanium is high, the use of a vacuum during manufacture is common. Hot working is one of the methods used to create these types of alloy and is where the material is heated up to temperatures of 900oc and then shaped. Cold working is another method that can also be used, but comes with the disadvantage that the material need constant heat treatment due to work hardening occurring.The use of this material in winglets would allow the winglets to change shape depending on the flight conditions such as the relative airspeed of the aircraft. This would allow them to have the most efficient angle between them and the wing. A reduction in wing vortices would then be able to occur over each flight operation. The drag experience on the aircraft at each point would be minimised, in turn reducing the fuel consumption of the aircraft as less jostle is required to move the aircraft would decrease. The idea of the winglets flattening out during takeoff and landing is also being examined as the wing would produce more lift at the slower speeds. This means there would be a reduction of noise generated from the engines as less thrust would be required.Constructing a wing out of smart alloy materials has been look at as it could lead to several advantageous properties, such as weight saving and reduction in drag. This means that the wing could change shape during flight operations to make them more efficient. The wing surface would be incessant as there would be no gaps in between flap and the surface would be smoother as there would be fewer rivets needed. This would result in a reduction of drag generated from the surface of the wing. A reduction in weight could be seen from the removal of the hydraulic system needed to move the control surfaces of the wing at present. There has a lso been investigation into using the shape memory alloy for use in just the leading and trailing edges as a replacement for the traditional metal flaps. The overall result of using shape memory alloys to replace traditional wings would be better fuel consumption as there would be a reduction of drag and weight.DiscussionConclusionI recommend that there should be a continued development of composites within the airline sector. This will lead to the manufacture of composites which are strong enough to be used on the main structural parts of the wings, and which could also be used on other components of the aircraft. The more widely use of composites would also lead to a reduction of weight of the aircraft, making them more fuel efficient and more environmentally friendly. This would also be an advantage for the airline company as there would be a reduction in the amount of fuel needed resulting in reduced running costs.